What are characteristic x-rays?

What transition produces a \(K_\alpha\) x-ray line?

What transition produces a \(K_\beta\) x-ray line?

Write the photon energy emitted in an x-ray transition between two atomic levels.

How is x-ray wavelength related to photon energy?

Find the wavelength of an \(8.0\,\mathrm{keV}\) x-ray photon. Use \(hc=1240\,\mathrm{eV\,nm}\).

Find the energy of an x-ray photon with wavelength \(0.100\,\mathrm{nm}\). Use \(hc=1240\,\mathrm{eV\,nm}\).

Why can characteristic x-ray spectra identify elements?

Distinguish continuous x-ray spectra from characteristic x-ray spectra.

Which usually has the higher photon energy, \(K_\alpha\) or \(K_\beta\)?

State the qualitative meaning of Moseley's law.

If the effective nuclear charge \((Z-b)\) doubles in Moseley's law, what happens to characteristic x-ray frequency?

What condition must an incoming electron satisfy to create a \(K\)-shell vacancy?

Why might a characteristic \(K\) line be absent when the accelerating voltage is too low?

A \(K\) level has energy \(-69.5\,\mathrm{keV}\) and an \(L\) level has energy \(-11.5\,\mathrm{keV}\). Find the \(K_\alpha\) photon energy.

Find the wavelength of a \(58.0\,\mathrm{keV}\) x-ray photon. Use \(hc=1240\,\mathrm{eV\,nm}\).

What is the Auger effect?

What is an x-ray absorption edge?

Derive the wavelength formula for a characteristic x-ray emitted in a transition from \(E_i\) to \(E_f\).

Two characteristic x-ray lines have wavelengths \(0.070\,\mathrm{nm}\) and \(0.140\,\mathrm{nm}\). Which has the larger photon energy?