What does emf measure in energy terms?

For an ideal source with no internal resistance, what is the terminal voltage?

For a discharging real battery with internal resistance \(r\), is \(V_{\mathrm{term}}\) greater than or less than \(\mathcal E\)?

A source has \(\mathcal E=12\,\mathrm{V}\), internal resistance \(1.0\,\Omega\), and current \(2.0\,\mathrm{A}\). Find its terminal voltage while discharging.

A \(6.0\,\mathrm{V}\) source with internal resistance \(0.50\,\Omega\) is connected to a \(5.5\,\Omega\) load. Find the current.

A battery does \(18\,\mathrm{J}\) of non-electrostatic work moving \(3.0\,\mathrm{C}\) through it. Find its emf.

A real battery has \(\mathcal E=9.0\,\mathrm{V}\) and \(r=0.80\,\Omega\). Its terminal voltage is \(8.2\,\mathrm{V}\) while discharging. Find the current and external load resistance.

Explain why the terminal voltage of a real discharging battery decreases as current increases.

A source with emf \(\mathcal E\) and internal resistance \(r\) is connected to a variable load \(R\). Derive \(V_{\mathrm{term}}\) as a function of \(R\), and give the limits as \(R\to0\) and \(R\to\infty\).

A rechargeable cell is being charged, so current is forced into its positive terminal. Using an internal resistance model, derive the charging terminal voltage and compare it with the discharging terminal voltage.