State the paraxial equation for refraction at a spherical surface.

What do \(n_1\) and \(n_2\) represent in spherical refraction?

State the lateral magnification for a single spherical refracting surface.

Light goes from air to glass \((n_2=1.50)\) at a spherical surface with \(R=0.30\,\mathrm{m}\). An object is \(0.60\,\mathrm{m}\) away. Find \(s'\).

For a plane refracting surface, what happens to the spherical refraction equation?

A point object is \(0.20\,\mathrm{m}\) inside water \((n=1.33)\), viewed from air through a plane surface. Estimate its apparent depth.

Why does a fish in water appear closer to the surface than it really is?

An object in air is \(0.40\,\mathrm{m}\) from a glass surface with \(n_2=1.50\) and \(R=0.20\,\mathrm{m}\). Find \(s'\).

What does a positive image distance usually mean for a refracting surface?

What does a negative image distance usually mean for a refracting surface?

Why does curvature matter in spherical refraction?

Use the spherical refraction equation to find image distance for \(n_1=1.00\), \(n_2=1.50\), \(s=1.00\,\mathrm{m}\), and \(R=0.50\,\mathrm{m}\).

For \(n_1=1.00\), \(n_2=1.50\), \(s=0.25\,\mathrm{m}\), and \(R=0.50\,\mathrm{m}\), find \(s'\).

For the previous question, find the magnification.

Why does the formula for spherical refraction include refractive indices multiplying \(1/s\) and \(1/s'\)?

What happens to spherical refraction if \(n_1=n_2\)?

Why is the spherical refraction equation a paraxial formula?

How does a spherical refracting surface differ from a thin lens?

Explain how spherical refraction leads toward the thin-lens equation.

Explain why apparent depth at a plane surface is a virtual-image effect.