What does polarization describe for a light wave?

Why is polarization evidence that light is transverse?

Unpolarized light of intensity \(80\,\mathrm{W\,m^{-2}}\) passes through one ideal polarizer. Find the transmitted intensity.

State Malus's law.

Plane-polarized light of intensity \(120\,\mathrm{W\,m^{-2}}\) enters a polarizer at \(30^\circ\) to its axis. Find the transmitted intensity.

Two ideal polarizers have axes at \(90^\circ\) to each other. Plane-polarized light along the first axis passes through both. What is the final intensity?

Unpolarized light of intensity \(I_0\) passes through two ideal polarizers whose axes differ by \(45^\circ\). Find the final intensity.

Find Brewster's angle for light incident from air \((n=1.00)\) onto glass \((n=1.50)\).

Derive Malus's law from the electric-field component transmitted by a polarizer.

Unpolarized light passes through three ideal polarizers with axes \(0^\circ\), \(45^\circ\), and \(90^\circ\). Find the final intensity in terms of \(I_0\).

Unpolarized light of intensity \(I_0\) passes through two ideal polarizers whose axes differ by \(20^\circ\). Find the final intensity in terms of \(I_0\).

Plane-polarized light passes through an analyzer. At what angle to the incident polarization must the analyzer axis be set so that the transmitted intensity is one third of the incident intensity?

Unpolarized light of intensity \(200\,\mathrm{W\,m^{-2}}\) passes through ideal polarizers at \(0^\circ\), \(30^\circ\), and \(75^\circ\). Find the final intensity.

Find Brewster's angle for light incident from air onto water with refractive index \(1.33\).

At Brewster's angle for an air-glass boundary, \(\theta_B=56.3^\circ\). Find the refracted angle in the glass.

Explain why one ideal polarizer transmits half the intensity of unpolarized light.

Unpolarized light of intensity \(I_0\) passes through three ideal polarizers. The first and last are crossed, and the middle axis is at angle \(\theta\) to the first. Derive the final intensity and find the angle that maximizes it.

An analyzer is rotated in front of plane-polarized light. The transmitted intensity is maximum when the analyzer axis is at \(25^\circ\) and zero when it is at \(115^\circ\). What is the polarization direction of the light?

Derive \(\tan\theta_B=n_2/n_1\) for Brewster's angle.

Unpolarized light passes through two ideal polarizers. The final intensity is \(0.10I_0\). Find the angle between the polarizer axes.