State the law of reflection.

State Snell's law.

A ray hits a plane mirror at \(28^\circ\) to the normal. Find the angle of reflection.

Light goes from air \((n=1.00)\) into glass \((n=1.50)\) at \(30^\circ\). Find the refracted angle.

Light enters water \((n=1.33)\) from air. Does it bend toward or away from the normal?

Light travels from glass \((n=1.50)\) into air \((n=1.00)\) at \(25^\circ\). Find the refracted angle.

Light has wavelength \(500\,\mathrm{nm}\) in air and enters a medium with \(n=1.25\). Find its wavelength in the medium.

A ray in air enters an unknown material at \(40^\circ\) and refracts to \(25^\circ\). Find the material's refractive index.

Derive the speed form of Snell's law from the index form.

Light goes from medium 1 to medium 2. Its speed decreases by a factor of \(0.80\), and the incident angle is \(45^\circ\). Find the refracted angle.

A ray enters a parallel-sided glass slab \((n=1.50)\) from air at \(40^\circ\). Find the angle inside the slab and the angle at which it emerges back into air.

A ray in water \((n=1.33)\) enters glass \((n=1.50)\) at \(35^\circ\). Find the refracted angle.

A ray in air enters a material at \(55^\circ\) and refracts to \(32^\circ\). Find the speed of light in the material.

A ray goes from medium A to medium B. The refracted angle is larger than the incident angle. What can you conclude about the refractive indices and speeds?

A ray passes from air into a liquid. The incident angle is \(60^\circ\), and the refracted angle is \(40^\circ\). Find the liquid's refractive index and wavelength ratio \(\lambda_{\mathrm{liquid}}/\lambda_{\mathrm{air}}\).

Derive why a ray entering and leaving a parallel-sided slab emerges parallel to the incident ray.

A \(5.0\,\mathrm{cm}\) thick glass slab has \(n=1.50\). A ray enters from air at \(30^\circ\). Find the path length traveled inside the slab.

A ray goes air \(\to\) layer A \((n=1.40)\) \(\to\) layer B \((n=1.70)\), with parallel boundaries. If the initial angle in air is \(50^\circ\), find the angle in layer B.

A pool appears shallower than it is when viewed nearly normally from air. Use refraction to explain this qualitatively.

For small angles near normal incidence, derive the apparent depth \(d_{\mathrm{app}}\approx d/n\) for an object in water viewed from air.