Define absorbed dose and state its SI unit.

Define equivalent dose in terms of absorbed dose and radiation weighting factor.

\(0.030\,\mathrm J\) is deposited in \(0.50\,\mathrm{kg}\) of tissue. Find the absorbed dose.

A tissue receives \(0.020\,\mathrm{Gy}\) from alpha radiation with \(w_R=20\). Find the equivalent dose.

Explain the difference between gray and sievert.

A person receives dose rate \(3.0\,\mu\mathrm{Gy\,h^{-1}}\) for \(5.0\,\mathrm h\). Find absorbed dose.

Why can alpha radiation be more dangerous internally than externally?

Order alpha, beta, and gamma radiation by typical penetration ability.

Why is dense shielding useful for gamma radiation but not the only concern for beta radiation?

A mixed exposure gives \(D_\alpha=1.0\,\mathrm{mGy}\) with \(w_R=20\) and \(D_\gamma=4.0\,\mathrm{mGy}\) with \(w_R=1\). Find total equivalent dose.

A \(70\,\mathrm{kg}\) person receives an absorbed whole-body dose of \(0.10\,\mathrm{Gy}\). How much energy was deposited?

Explain why a small deposited energy can cause significant biological damage.

A gamma-ray intensity is reduced by shielding according to \(I=I_0e^{-\mu x}\). Find the thickness needed to reduce intensity to \(1/10\).

Define half-value layer and relate it to attenuation coefficient \(\mu\).

A shield has half-value layer \(4.0\,\mathrm{mm}\). How many half-value layers are needed to reduce intensity by a factor of \(32\), and what thickness is that?

What is the difference between deterministic and stochastic radiation effects?

A source can be treated as point-like. If distance from the source doubles, how does unshielded intensity change?

A worker's exposure is reduced by halving time, doubling distance from a point source, and adding a shield that transmits \(25\%\). Find the total reduction factor.

Explain why equivalent dose is not enough by itself to predict risk to a specific organ.

Prove dimensionally that absorbed dose and equivalent dose have the same base units even though they represent different ideas.